Aromatherapy Essays (2477 words) - Alternative Medicine,

Aromatherapy Aromatherapy Aromatherapy is a ?branch? of herbal medicine that centers on using fragrant substances, particularly oily plant extracts, to alter mood or improve individuals' health or appearance. The alleged benefits of aromatherapy range from stress relief to enhancement of immunity and the unlocking of ?emotions from past experiences.? But skeptics cite a lack of credible supportive studies published in reputable scientific or medical journals. Scents of Well-Being? ?Aromatherapy? is a buzzword used by the cosmetics, fragrance, and alternative-medicine industries. Although the method has ancient roots, proponents did not call it ?aromatherapy? before the 1930s. This expression derives from the French word aromatherapie, coined by Rene Maurice Gattefosse, a chemist whose book of the same name was published in 1928. After a lab explosion Gattefosse conveniently plunged his badly burned hand into a vat of lavender oil. He noticed how well it healed, and thus began the development of modern aromatherapy, which French homeopaths Dr. and Mme. Maury revived in the 1960s. Proponents of aromatherapy maintain that the tools of the trade--wood-resin distillates and flower, leaf, stalk, root, grass, and fruit extracts--contain antibiotics, antiseptics, hormones, and vitamins. Some proponents have characterized essential oils--i.e., oils that are volatile, aromatic, and flammable--as the soul or spirit of plants. Indeed, one of the aromatherapy's premises is that essential oils have a ?spiritual dimension? and can restore ?balance? and ?harmony? to one's body and to one's life. One of its principles, the ?doctrine of signatures,? holds that a plant's visible and olfactory characteristics reveal its ?secret? qualities. For example, because the configuration of the violet suggests shyness, proponents hold that the scent of violets engenders calmness and modesty. Aromatherapy en-compasses topical applications of essential oils, bathing in water to which essential oils have been added, sniffing essential oils, and even ingesting them. Products marketed under the ?aromatherapy? umbrella are legion, including shaving gels, aftershaves, facial cleansers, bath salts, bath soaps, shower gels, shampoos, hair conditioners, ?body masks,? moisturizers, sunscreen preparations, lipsticks, deodorants, candles, lamps, diffusers, pottery, massage oils, massage devices, and jewelry. ?the most common aromatherapy field is aesthetic, the sense of well-being derived from enjoying perfumes, scented candles, baths, and other fragrances,? stated Jane Buckle, R.N.,M.A., who claims the world's first master's degree in clinical aromatherapy, from Middlesex University in London. At the opposite end of the spectrum, says Buckle, ?is medical aromatherapy, also know as aromatic medicine. Practitioners of medical aromatherapy include massage therapists, naturopaths, nurses, and a smattering of medical doctors.? The alleged beneficial effects of aromatherapy are numerous. Supporters claim, for example, that essential oils from lavender or peppermint clears ?negative energy?; that essential oil from bergamot normalizes emotions; that essential oils from roses or sandalwood increases confidence; that essential oils from eucalyptus alleviates sorrow; and that patchouli creates a desire for peace. Essential oils can have side effects, however, and even proponents warn about risks. Essential oils from cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and ginger can burn the skin; ingestion of essential oils from pennyroyal can cause miscarriage. Rapheal d'Angelo, M.D., is a Colorado family practitioner who began incorporating aromatherapy into his practice over two years ago. D'Angelo uses eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil adjunctively in treating respiratory disease. He alludes to ?studies indicating these oils not only have soothing properties, but reduce mucous production, as well as possessing antiviral and antibacterial properties.? But these studies, he adds, ?were conducted in Europe, and the degree of scrutiny and peer review they underwent was not necessarily as high as the usual degree of such in the United States.? Can You Trust Your Aromatherapist? Outside the U.S. aromatherapy is widely accepted. In France, medical students are taught how to prescribe essential oils; in Britain, hospital nurses use aromatherapy to treat patients suffering anxiety and depression and to make terminal-care patients more comfortable. But the science behind aromatherapy is meager, and in the United States no legal standards exist concerning education in aromatherapy, certification therein, or the occupational practice of aromatherapy. Dr. d'Angelo is taking courses offered by the Australasian College of Herbal Studies, a nonaccredited correspondence school in Oregon who six-lesson aromatherapy course leads to a ?Certificate in Aromatherpy.? The school also offers certificate courses in homeopathy; Homeobotanical Therapy, which centers on the use of botanical tinctures that purportedly have been prepared homeopathically; and iridology---so-called iris diagnosis. According to Dorene Peterson, the school's principle: ?In the last 18 months, we've had a seventy-five percent increase in aromatherapy students.? Peterson holds a ?Diploma in Acupuncture? (?Dip ACU?) and two degrees: a baccalaureate and a ?Diploma in Natural Therapeutics? (?DNT?) from New Zealand. She says her school has 400 enrollees, ranging from age 18 to 68 and including ?professionals adjuncting an existing

Free Essays on Internet Shopping

The Internet has taken its place next to the telephone and television as an important part of people’s lives. Every day, more consumers are using the Internet for financial activities like investing, banking and shopping. If you surf the Internet, then you’re probably familiar with the terms â€Å"digital stores† and â€Å"online malls.† Thousands of consumers are now taking advantage to shop from the comfort of their homes via personal computer. You can buy any thing, from clothes, computers, to music CDs, you name it and they’ll have it! Shopping online opens up a whole world of goods and services. With the simple click of a computer mouse, you can order tulip bulbs directly from Holland, exotic spices from Turkey or hand-woven wall hangings from Mexico or Morocco. The World Wide Web has expanded the International marketplace in a way never before possible, giving consumers unlimited choices. Years of experience in the offline world have ta ught consumers how to evaluate a retailer’s trustworthiness. Although it is hard to see shopkeeper’s online, web shoppers are figuring out what makes a digital shopping experience comfortable. Using the Internet which is an exciting tool that puts vast information at your fingertips, with a click of a mouse, let’s you buy an airline ticket, book a hotel, send flowers to a friend, or even purchase your own stock. The growing technology of shopping online from home and not going anywhere can be very beneficial to us the consumers. Shopping online offers lots of benefits that are hard to find when shopping in a store or by mail. For example, the Internet is always open. Seven days a week, 24 hours a day. Bargains can also be numerous online. We don’t have to worry about getting dressed, putting children with babysitters, or even deciding on which mall to go to. Staying home and shopping in your pajamas, having children running around at home, watching TV while shopping or ... Free Essays on Internet Shopping Free Essays on Internet Shopping The Internet has taken its place next to the telephone and television as an important part of people’s lives. Every day, more consumers are using the Internet for financial activities like investing, banking and shopping. If you surf the Internet, then you’re probably familiar with the terms â€Å"digital stores† and â€Å"online malls.† Thousands of consumers are now taking advantage to shop from the comfort of their homes via personal computer. You can buy any thing, from clothes, computers, to music CDs, you name it and they’ll have it! Shopping online opens up a whole world of goods and services. With the simple click of a computer mouse, you can order tulip bulbs directly from Holland, exotic spices from Turkey or hand-woven wall hangings from Mexico or Morocco. The World Wide Web has expanded the International marketplace in a way never before possible, giving consumers unlimited choices. Years of experience in the offline world have ta ught consumers how to evaluate a retailer’s trustworthiness. Although it is hard to see shopkeeper’s online, web shoppers are figuring out what makes a digital shopping experience comfortable. Using the Internet which is an exciting tool that puts vast information at your fingertips, with a click of a mouse, let’s you buy an airline ticket, book a hotel, send flowers to a friend, or even purchase your own stock. The growing technology of shopping online from home and not going anywhere can be very beneficial to us the consumers. Shopping online offers lots of benefits that are hard to find when shopping in a store or by mail. For example, the Internet is always open. Seven days a week, 24 hours a day. Bargains can also be numerous online. We don’t have to worry about getting dressed, putting children with babysitters, or even deciding on which mall to go to. Staying home and shopping in your pajamas, having children running around at home, watching TV while shopping or ...

Delivery of Effective E-Government Services. The case of Oman Coursework

Delivery of Effective E-Government Services. The case of Oman - Coursework Example E-government and m-government services have popularized especially in the third world countries as a means of pacing up with the developed world. Various research studies have explored how the government and the people of Sultanate of Oman have embraced e-government services. Besides, they have underscored success stories in the implementation of e-government and m-government services. While, existing literature has delved into policy, plans, strategic measures, legal constructs, utility and quality of information technology, little has been done to monitor and evaluate internalization and ownership of the process and additionally use of m-government services. However, the lack or adequacy of the services lies in how the citizenry and government responds to the challenges associated with delivering e-government services. This topic will be crucial in unraveling the challenges facing implementation of e-government services in the sultanate of Oman find the challenges we are facing including some elements of m-Government and come up with a plan to have fully integrated end to end e-government services. The study uniquely, with gather data and compare with the baseline conditions to obtain current uptake of these services by the people of Oman. The possibility of the project gathering data from urbane youth who are very receptive to technology has a counter effect on data as this bias affects validity. The data collection instruments should be adjusted to involve people of all ages and works of life. Breakdown of tasks   Item Description Purpose Delivery of Effective E-Government Systems. The case of Oman Scope of work Goal, objective and deliverable attainment, effective e-government delivery methods, involving project teams, work breakdown, utility of $45,000 in 22 months starting 30 June 2012. Work Formulation and decisions of mode of delivery Duration 22 months Deliverables Data , delivery modes and tests by Jan 2014 Standards ISO 9001,9004 Acceptance criteria Effectiveness, diffusion, Levels monitoring , Functionality, budget, and timelines Payment schedule Every fortnight Project deliverables   Deliverable 1: Delivery requirements listing It requires precise selection mode and a more data reliability methods which to apply. Data is usually inadequate at the beginning and quite unreliable, therefore specification project scope needs to be defined and listed according to: i. Client needs ii. Inventory data gathered iii. Respondent’s data accessibility, validity of security credentials, and correspondence iv. Workload data accessibility v. Compliance of information with delivery feasibility criteria The phase involving scope definition has a list of delivery channels being the main deliverables. This will be

Management and the Global Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management and the Global Economy - Essay Example Such companies are Ericsson, Honda and Chiquita among others. This paper looks into the above companies and offers light in respect to their strategies that have seen them conquer their respective lines of operation. Significance of Technology/ Ethics/ Culture in International Business Management Facebook is a widely used social site which attracts people who are mostly between 18-30 years. Its strengths include the wide fan base that currently stands at slightly over 600 million. It is partly owned by Mark Zuckerberg and Microsoft which bought minority shares worth $240 million in 2007. The company has reformed over time by upgrading its site to suit the changing customer needs as well as to outwit competitors. Fans are able to post and share videos and photos with their friends, send messages, chat online among other unique and new features. It has however been criticized for not regularly updating the fan page. According to Latham (2011) Facebook should take advantage of the onlin e advertisement boom to increase on revenue base and popularity. The company has also faced many legal battles and political interference for example the recent case where classmates of the founder wanted to be cashing more from the company claiming to have co-founded the company. Football or soccer has a peculiar popularity which is part of culture in Europe and United Kingdom to be precise. Manchester United is one club that has a wide following not only in UK but in the whole world. The club has a fan base that comprises of five percent of the global population. Manchester United Plc. has taken advantage of this by expanding its revenues sources to Asia, Africa and Latin America through sales of club’s merchandise like jerseys and magazines as stated by ESPN. The club is currently owned by the Grazer family from United States which controls seventy percent stake. The club’s financial status has not been appealing due to high expenses and less-than-matching revenues. The company takes advantage of their website to sell merchandise. Its Grazer takeover wrangles have attracted attention for a long time coupled with poor financial performance and massive debt. The strong brand name and its multinational approach are its important strengths. Although competition is intense from arsenal, Chelsea and Liverpool, Manchester has many opportunities to capture a wider market and fan base. Operating within ethical standards by companies draws mixed reactions as this is more of a subjective issue. That which one party may regard as ethical is totally the opposite for another. This is well illustrated by Chiquita Brands Int. where at some point it has been involved in both ethical and unethical practices. Examples of ethical practices include building schools and health facilities for its workers and their families. It also returned land to Central Americans and later funded relief efforts after the 1972 earthquake. Unethical ones include being involved in c orruption with the Costa Rica’s government, assisting CIA to topple Guatemala government, helped in the attack of Cuba in early 1960s and many others as stated in Chiquita Brands Int. Case Study. The company has had a huge influence on the political landscape in South America which has ultimately affected its image negatively acting as its weakness. It has also been good in breaking laws

Book Review on On the Beach by Nevil Shute Essay

Book Review on On the Beach by Nevil Shute - Essay Example Meanwhile, global winds slowly carry the deadly radioactive waste towards the Continent which is why he is to find many dead along the way. Human and animal life are dying as a result of sickness produced by radiation, a kind of cholera which begins with nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, increasingly violent spasms, and, finally, death from exhaustion. As everyone is dying either through radioactive poisoning or cyanide pills, Australia, like the other southern nations, distributes cyanide pills to those who want them to die an easier death. This is the story of the last people on earth as written by Nevil Shute. Nevil Shute's beach stands for the ocean of time, where the last waves are swishing and breaking in the sand on those shores. The beach is that of Melbourne, Australia, the southernmost city of the world, where the people live out their last days of their existence. "On the Beach" is a dreamlike journey into the darkness of the Nuclear Age which is our time. The basic premise of the novel is that nuclear war, if it comes, will have only one outcome. While not every corner of the earth will be charred and destroyed badly, everyone will suffer. This is a reminder of that fact. Who is to blame The complete depopulation of the northern hemisphere is based on mistakes and misunderstandings, according to the novel.

Simulation Module for Patients with Hypoglycemia

Simulation Module for Patients with Hypoglycemia Development and Evaluation of Simulation Module for Patients with Hypoglycemia INTRODUCTION Background Human patient simulator (HPS) has been used in medical education (Alinier, Hunt, Gordon, Harwood, 2006) for almost four decades. Since simulation using high-fidelity has begun by applying crisis intervention training on nurse anesthetist   (Fletcher, 1995), over the past 10 years, simulation has been rapidly expanded in nursing education (Dunn, 2004). Simulation education is not just about obtaining simple knowledge and techniques but rather have been considered as a kind of new education method that can train nursing care ability by reproducing real-like clinical situation in a safe environment (Hodge, Martin, Tavernier, Perea-Ryan, Alcala-Van Houten, 2008; Steadman et al, 2006). Moreover, simulation education have been accelerated by shortening of the patient’s admission period and limited chances of nursing student’s participation due to elevated expectations on the medical staff by the patients. Through simulation education, student carry out physical examination directly on simulator and immediately identify physiological changes on the monitor. After implementing the proper intervention, they can get feedbacks from results (Bremner,Aduddell,Bennett, VanGeest, 2006). Therefore education using simulation is becoming the most important subject in current nursing education as a method that can improve problem solving ability and critical thinking of students in clinical situation (Corbridge, McLaughlin, Tiffen, Wade, Templin, Corbridge, 2008; Feingold, Calaluce, Kallen, 2004). Since a simulation practice method has been introduced to the nursing practice educating in South Korea ten years ago, many study results on the effect of simulation education have been reported in the area of pediatric nursing (Yoo, 2013; Shin, Shim, Lee, 2013), maternity nursing practicum (Kim, Ko, Lee, 2012; Kim, Lee, Chae, 2012; Lee Kim, 2011), psychiatric nursing (Choi, 2012), and critical and emergency care unit (Kim, Choi, Kang, 2011; Kim Jang, 2011). Current scenario that can be used in simulation education is not still developed variously in sub-major nursing areas in Korea. Therefore case is not appropriate to situation so there is a difficulty of having simulation practice. Especially, diabetes mellitus is prevalent disease in middle ages. However, it can be controlled by both concrete assessment for differentiation and anticipatory management. And because patients with diabetes mellitus should always manage blood glucose in their life, nursing education to prevent h ypoglycemia is essential education contents. In nursing student education, simulation practice for critical thinking training to identify symptoms and plan nursing care as priority due to hypoglycemia is effective and important nursing problem. In this study, we tried to test the applicability of the simulation by developing simulating education scenario based on the case of hypoglycemia and evaluating student’s performance after using it. The study was done to improve nursing students’ critical thinking on nursing problems and clinical decision-making ability by developing scenario with high-fidelity SimMan simulator based on clinical real situation. The purpose of this study is to develop a scenario and evaluate students’ performance and satisfaction in simulation learning of care for patients with hypoglycemia. METHOD Design This study used a mixed method design which captured both quantitative and qualitative data to evaluate degree of performance and satisfaction as development and applying simulation module with hypoglycemia. In disciplines such as nursing, the phenomena studied are often complex and mixed-method approaches can expand the impact and enhance the flexibility of research designs (Sandelowski, 2000) Participants A convenience sample of 55 nursing students participated from a university located in Seoul, South Korea. We have decided that third year nursing students who have enough basic knowledge on pathophysiology will not have difficulty in applying simulation education on patient with hypoglycemia and developed simulation scenario targeting them. The inclusion criteria to attain hypoglycemia included (a) junior nursing students, (b) completion of fundamental and endocrine system nursing course with the same credits and textbook, and (c) no prior participation in a simulation class focused on diabetes mellitus. The participants ‘ ages ranged from 21 to 25 years. The majority of students 89% were women. Ethical considerations’ Approval to conduct this study was obtained from the Sahmyook university institutional review board (SYUIRB-2013-074). Written informed consent consist of issues of voluntary participation, anonymity, and confidentiality. It explained the purpose of study, the researchers’ credentials, and information regarding confidentiality. Collected data will be managed in the researcher’ office and will be shredded after coding. The IRB proved that there were no factors to this study that would deprive human ethical right, and that all contents and processes confirm to proper research ethics. Process of module development Scenario development Contents of scenario were developed based on real patient’s situation which admitted to emergency unit with shock symptom due to hypoglycemia. In addition, we searched more information on nursing care for hypoglycemia from nursing textbook and protocol. Scenario was focused on developing of student’s ability about assessment and problem identification by critical thinking. For this, the purpose of scenario formulation was to differentiate the origin of shock symptom between hypoglycemia and increasing of intracranial pressure. For testing of validity, five experts consisted of three nursing professors, two nurses who have worked in emergency unit over 10 years reviewed contents of scenario. The scenario was pilot tested using five students (not included in the present study) to determine feasibility and clarity of instructions. No problems were identified. Development of evaluation checklist The evaluation checklist focused on the attainment of critical thinking ability rather than implementation skill and was divided into three categories: assessment, problem identification, and interventions. Finally, 4 items were deleted and 16 items reached by consensus (Table 1). The items were selected, reviewed, and analyzed by a seven expert panel including two nursing professors, five advanced practice nurses. Process of debriefing Debriefing questions were also developed focused on critical thinking as three phase process. Description phase : ‘What decision did you make when patient complains dyspnea? Why did you do?’; Analysis phase : ‘Did you have an enough understanding about nursing care for patient with hypoglycemia after this simulation practice?’; and Application phase: ‘How can you cope real nursing situation in future through what you learned?. These three phases for debriefing are based on clinical judgment model by Tanner (2006). After taking simulation practice, students had debriefing time for about 20~30 minutes per group of four students. The nursing students were encouraged to reflect on their critical thinking. Data collection procedure Data were collected from May6, 2013 to June 28, 2013. The study’s purpose and its procedures were explained to the participants prior to obtaining informed consent. All participants enrolled in this study voluntarily and anonymously, were made aware that there was no disadvantage to nonparticipation as well as information regarding confidentiality. In addition, the data would be reported as a whole and not individually. The ratio of participation was 98%. Before the simulation, students received an orientation that included how to operate the simulator, simulation learning objective, the scenario information, and patient’s health status. Four nursing students have teamed up to have a discussion of the simulation scenario. Students were asked to wear uniforms and to treat these as actual professional situations. The simulations were scheduled in simulation rooms in which the high-fidelity patient simulators were used. One operator and one instructor observed the simulations from the control room. Each simulation lasted 20 minutes, with the simulation module including debriefing taking about two hours per group. The evaluation checklist was evaluated as a group and was handed to two instructors in a sealed envelope. After simulation module, student satisfaction was measured using the Satisfaction of Simulations Experience (SSE). Instruments The evaluation checklist tool using 3-point Likert scale (1: not fulfill, 2: partially fulfill, 3: fulfill) was a researcher-developed tool designed to assess simulation-based performance. The higher the evaluation checklist score, the better the performance. Content validity was conducted from nurse educators, simulation experts, and clinicians (n=10). The results of the content validity index were above 80% (Waltz and Bausell, 1981). Inter-rater reliability between two independent raters was established using Cohen’s kappa. Satisfaction which students felt about simulation practice was measured just after finishing the debriefing session using the Satisfaction of Simulations Experience (SSE) scale developed by Levett-Jones and colleagues (2011). This scale consists of 18 items in the area of debrief and reflection (9 items), clinical reasoning (5 items), and clinical learning (4 items). Each item was scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicated higher satisfaction. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in this study was .94. Data analysis The evaluation checklist and the SSE were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 for Windows to calculate descriptive statistics including means and standard deviations. Debriefing data were analyzed using the Matrix Method (Garrad, 2007). Four researchers was analyzed all papers related to debriefing. It were photocopied and organized as a review matrix that, once labeled appropriately, would serve as a structured abstract of all of the documents. The 3C’s (i.e., codes, categories, and concepts) of analysis was used to capture key characteristics of interest, thereby summarizing a large amount of textual information into meaningful themes (Lichtman, 2006). RESULT Scenario of simulation-based hypoglycemia The patient’s case was developed based on scenario objectives and performance measures. The simulated patient was a 55-year-old man admitted via the emergency unit complaining of dizziness and sweating. The algorithm proceeded as follows: assessment, problem identification, intervention (Fig. 1). Evaluation Checklist The evaluation checklist consisted of three categories and 16 items. To identify a statistical measure of inter-rater agreement for items, Cohen’s kappa was measured. Cohen’s kappa for the evaluation checklist was 0.61, good strength of agreement, and each category ranged from 0.33 to 0.97. The mean score of each category and item is shown in Table 1. The mean score is average of numbers of two measurers. The total mean score was 2.68 ( ±.129). The mean score of assessment was 2.56 ( ±.199), problem identification was 2.91 ( ±.193), and intervention was 2.71 ( ±.192). Debriefing Student comments about the simulation experience were grouped 2 categories, 9 subcategories, and 303 significant statements using content analysis (Table 2). The categories were as followed: Self-reflection and Improvement of competency. The most frequent subcategories, in order, were nursing intervention, coping ability deficiency, perception of real situation, clinical thinking deficiency, knowledge deficiency and communication. Satisfaction with simulation experience The SSE scale was used to assess participation in the simulation experience. The total mean score of SSE was 4.15 ( ±.68). The mean score for debrief and reflection was 4.21 ( ±.58), clinical reasoning was 4.09 ( ±.50), and clinical learning was 4.08 ( ±.46). The highest score item in SSE was â€Å"I received feedback during the debriefing that helped me to learn†, and the lowest was â€Å"The facilitator made me feel comfortable and at ease during the debriefing† (Table 3).

People Seldom stand up for what they believe in :: essays research papers

Many people, believing he or she is smarter then the rest of the world, will think they stand up for what the believe in, but are very easily persuaded by the majority of the population, In fear of being belittled and looked down upon by their peers. People are social creatures and that they always fear rejection because it would be like being thrown out of the pack, therefore leaving them open and vulnerable to attacks. Humans strive for popularity because they all want to be known and those who are popular are also safe within their "pack" and if someone was to think a different way from either those who are popular or those who are following the popular, that would make them an outcast and therefore vulnerable. Such as in The Crucible when Mary tries to convince the court that the other girls are lying to the court about the many people accused for witchcraft. She, in the end, flees from John Proctor and falsely proclaims to the people of Salem that he is a witch himself because she knows she is now vulnerable to being arrested for lying to the court. No matter what time period this is going on. The Milgram Experiment is a demonstration that shows people will obey authority simply because they are the authority and won't do the right thing because the authority told them what the right thing is. countless teachers are put to the test. The experimenter would instruct the teacher, which is shocking the ?learner?, that they must read a series of questions that the ?learner? must answer, if the question is wrong, the teacher must shock him and increase the voltage while sitting in a separated room. In reality the ?learner? is an actor, which will be unharmed. The real experiment is how long the teachers will continue as instructed to cause pain to the actor.

Chem Lab Mixtures Essay

In this lab, a mixture of naphthalene (C10H8), common table salt (NaCl), and sea sand (SiO2) will be separated using the separation techniques in order to demonstrate the properties of mixtures and their ability to be separated by physical means. INTRODUCTION: This lab was based on the separation of the components of a mixture. A mixture can be defined as a physical combination of two or more pure substances. Separation techniques are used to separate components that are not chemically combined. All of these techniques involve changes in the physical state of a chemical compound rather than chemical changes. The three objectives in this lab were 1. Learn the different separation techniques which include; sublimation, extraction, decantation, filtration and evaporation. 2. Separate three components in a mixture using the separation techniques learned. 3. Determine the mass percentages of each of the three components present in a mixture. The 5 separation techniques are†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1) Sublimation: involves the heating of a solid that passes directly from the solid phase into the gaseous phase. The reverse process where a gas goes into the solid phase is called deposition or condensation. 2) Extraction: involves using a solvent that selectively dissolve one or more components from a solid mixture. 3) Decantation: involves the separation of a liquid from insoluble solid sediment by carefully pouring the liquid from the solid without disturbing the solid. 4) Filtration: involves separating a solid from a liquid through the use of a porous material such as filter paper. The porous material allows the liquid to pass through it but not the solid. 5) Evaporation: involves the process of heating a mixture in order to separate a volatile liquid in the form of a vapor, while the remaining component dry. The mixtures that will be separated are naphthalene, common table salt, and sea sand. The separation of this mixture involves three steps which are heating the mixture to sublime the naphthalene, then dissolving the table salt with water to extract and evaporating water to recover dry NaCl and sand. To determine the percentage of each component in the mixture, this formula can be used. % component= grams of component isolated grams of initial sample PROCEDURE: A. Preliminary Steps 1. Obtain a clean, dry 150-mL beaker and weigh it to the nearest .001g. 2. Obtain a sample of the mixture from your instructor and carefully transfer 2g of the mixture into the beaker. 3. Record the weight of the beaker with the mixture inside to nearest .001g and calculate the exact weight of the mixture by subtraction. B. Sublimation of Naphthalene 1. Set up and do the sublimation in the hood. 2. Place an evaporating dish with some ice on top of the beaker containing the mixture and place the beaker on a wire gauze with an iron ring and ring stand assembly. 3. Carefully heat the beaker with a Bunsen burner until vapors appear in the beaker. A solid should collect on the underside of the evaporating dish. Continue heating for 10 minutes. 4. After 10 minutes, remove the Bunsen burner from under the beaker and then remove the evaporating disk from the beaker and collect the solid by scrapping it off the dish with a spatula onto a weighing paper. 5. Stir the contents of the beaker with a glass rod. Return the evaporating disk to the beaker and apply the heat again. Continue heating and scraping off solid until no more solid collects. 6. Weigh all the naphthalene collected and record it on the Report sheet to the nearest .001g. 7. Allow the beaker to cool and then weigh the beaker with the contained solid. Record the weight of the naphthalene sublimed by subtracting the weight of the beaker with remaining solid after sublimation from the weight of beaker 1 with original mixture. C. Separation of the Water Insoluble Solid 1. Add 25mL of distilled water to the solid in the beaker. Heat gently and stir continuously for 5 min. 2. Weigh a second clean, dry 150-mL beaker with 2 or 3 boiling stones to nearest .001g and record its mass onto the data sheet. 3. Assemble the apparatus for gravity filtration as shown in Figure 3.4 4. Fold a piece of filter paper according to the technique in Figure 3.5. 5. Wet the filter paper with water and adjust the paper so that it lies flat on the glass of the funnel. 6. Position beaker 2 under the funnel and pour the mixture through the filter, first decanting most of the liquid into beaker 2 and then transferring the wet solid into the funnel. Collect all the liquid in beaker 2. 7. Rinse beaker 1 with 5-10-mL of water, pour over the residue in the funnel and add the liquid to the filtrate. *Repeat this step once more. 8. Place beaker 2 on the wire gauze with an iron ring and ring stand and heat using the Bunsen burner. As the volume of liquid is reduced, sodium chloride will appear. When the liquid is fully evaporated, allow the beaker to cool d own. 9. Weigh the beaker, stones, and the solid residue to the nearest .001g. Calculate the weight of the recovered NaCl by subtraction. D. Drying the Sea Sand 1. Weigh a third dry 150-mL beaker and transfer the sand from the filter paper to beaker 3. 2. Place beaker 3 with the sea sand on the wire gauze with an iron ring and ring stand and heat the sand to dryness. When dried, the sand should be freely flowing. 3. Allow the sand to cool to room temperature. 4. Weigh the beaker and the sand to the nearest .001g. 5. Calculate the weight of the recovered sand by subtraction. Results and Discussions: In this lab certain separation techniques were used and learned. When measuring the different amounts of the three components of the mixture, all measurements were based on significant figures. Thus, each certain digit plus one uncertain digit was included in all measurements. First, the sublimation of naphthalene was done by heating the mixture. The original weight of the naphthalene collected was .070g and after sublimation the weight of naphthalene was .095g. Next, extraction was observed in separation of the water insoluble solid. The NaCl was separated from the SiO2 because of the solubility of NaCl in water and the insolubility of SiO2 in water. Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve when in the presence of a certain solvent. The NaCl was said to dissolve leaving only the insoluble sea sand in the beaker with the water. Filtration was also observed in this experiment when the piece of filter paper was wetted and used for gravity filtration. The NaCl dissolved in the water, and by decantation, the process of separating a liquid from a solid by gently pouring the liquid from the solid so as not to disturb the solid, the NaCl solution was separated from the SiO2. Heating can cause substances to evaporate, which represents a change in state, so the water was evaporated from the NaCl, which left behind the solid NaCl. The amount of NaCl in the experiment was measured to be 0.822g, but the origi nal sample with the weight of the beaker included actually weighed 65.001g. Then, the remaining component of the mixture, SiO2, was measured to be .927g once it had dried out. Originally the weight of the beaker and SiO2 was 67.078g. The comparison between the measured masses of the three different substances in the mixture and the actual masses of the components proved that the substances of mixtures are able to separated, yet still retain their chemical and physical properties. After the components of the original sample were successfully separated, their weights were added together. The measured total weight of the three separate components of the recovered solids was 1.844g. The percentage yield and percentage of all the substances was found. The percent yield was found by dividing the mass of the recovered solids by the mass of the mixture, then multiplying the answer by 100. The percentage yield for this experiment was 88.314%. The makeup of that 88.314% is divided between naphthalene at 4.550%, NaCl at 39.368%, and sea sand at 44.397%. Sources of Error: Ideally, the total percentage should have been 100%, because substances are neither created nor destroyed during these physical separation methods but due to minor errors such as incorrect measurements, could have caused this slight deviation from the actual total. One possible lab error that may have affected this outcome is that some amount of naphthalene may have been lost to the air, thus resulting in a lower calculated mass. or because there was not enough ice on top. It can also be possible that accurate weighting measurements of the mixtures were not taken. Sample Calculations Weight of naphthalene after sublimation =(weight of beaker 1 and mixture) – ( weight of beaker 1 and solid after sublimation) (68.239)-(68.144)= .095g Percentage yield= (grams of solid recovered/grams of initial sample) x 100 Percentage of naphthalene: (1.844/2.088)x100= 88.314% Conclusions: The main concept I learned that was being applied and studied in this lab was that mixtures can be separated into their components by physical means. The purpose of the lab is to become familiar with the methods of separating substances from one another using decantation, extraction, and sublimation techniques. Mixtures occur in everyday life in materials that are not uniform in composition. It is a combination of two or more substances. Mixtures are characterized by the fact that each of the substances in the mixture retains its chemical integrity, and that mixtures are separable into these components by physical means. In this lab, the starting point was a mixture of naphthalene, NaCl (sodium chloride), and SiO2 (sand). In the lab, it was determined that naphthalene can be sublimed from the mixture without having an effect on the other substances. It was also realized that NaCl is water soluble, while SiO2 is not water soluble. Since the SiO2 is not water soluble, is would remain a fter the water with NaCl was decanted.

Cundo un ciudadano puede pedir green card a hijastros

Cundo un ciudadano puede pedir green card a hijastros Los ciudadanos americanos pueden pedir la green card, tambià ©n conocida como tarjeta de residencia permanente,  para los hijos extranjeros de su marido o de su mujer. Las reglas son distintas si los hijos son menores de 21 aà ±os y solteros o si son mayores o estn casados. Aplican las mismas normas para los casos en los que el varà ³n es el estadounidense y la mujer la extranjera y se pide a los hijos de à ©sta o el caso contrario. Es decir, cuando una mujer estadounidense contrae matrimonio con un hombre forneo y solicita la tarjeta de residencia permanente para los hijos de à ©ste. Requisitos del matrimonio entre ciudadano y extranjero para poder pedir a los hijos de à ©ste El primer requerimiento para poder pedir a un hijastro es que el và ­nculo entre ciudadano estadounidense y el cà ³nyuge extranjero sea un  matrimonio legal vlido en el lugar en el que se celebraron, no una mera relacià ³n de pareja o de hecho. Por otro lado, nunca se admiten los casos de bigamia, que en los Estados Unidos se considerado como un delito. Adems, seà ±alar que las leyes federales de migracià ³n reconocen los mismos derechos a los matrimonios heterosexuales, conformados por una mujer y un varà ³n, que a los formados con dos personas del mismo sexo.   Pero,  ¿quià ©nes se consideran hijastros? A los efectos de peticià ³n de ciudadano para hijastros la ley es muy clara y pide que se cumplan dos requerimientos. En primer lugar, que se trate de hijos biolà ³gicos del cà ³nyuge extranjero casado con un ciudadano o que se trate de un hijo adoptado legalmente. Sà ³lo se admiten esos dos casos, por lo tanto quedan excluidas situaciones como hijos de crianza, tutor legal, etc. En segundo lugar, el ciudadano estadounidense sà ³lo podr pedir a los hijastros que tenà ­an menos de 18 aà ±os en el momento de celebrarse el casorio, aunque los reclame aà ±os ms tarde cuando ya son ms mayores de dicha edad. Es fundamental entender que los hijastros con los 18 aà ±os cumplidos o mayores en el momento en el que su mam o su pap se casà ³ con un ciudadano americano no pueden ser pedidos por à ©ste mediante este procedimiento. Si bien hay otras opciones que se explican en este artà ­culo ms abajo. Si se cumplen estos dos requisitos, se aplican reglas distintas segà ºn la edad y el estado civil del hijastro. Hijastros menores de 21 aà ±os que estn solteros Este grupo de personas se considera como familiares inmediatos de un ciudadano americano. Esto es muy importante porque al estar en esta categorà ­a no  hay là ­mites anuales al nà ºmero de personas que pueden conseguir la green card por este camino. Sà ³lo hay que esperar a que se apruebe su peticià ³n, lo que generalmente toma sà ³lo unos meses. La tramitacià ³n de los papeles se inicia enviando el formulario I-130 al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a, USCIS por sus siglas en inglà ©s. Se debe completar uno por cada hijastro y antes de iniciar los trmites verificar que se tienen ingresos suficientes para patrocinar y que el hijastro pedido no tiene en su historial ninguna causa que vaya a provocar que se le deniegue la green card. Si los hijastros estn ya en Estados Unidos hay que ver si estn en condicià ³n de ajustar su estatus.   Si entraron ilegalmente al paà ­s no ser posible ajustar el estatus, por lo que antes de iniciar ningà ºn trmite consultar con un abogado ya que tendrn que salir del paà ­s para completar la tramitacià ³n y deben tener claro las posibles consecuencias negativas de la aplicacià ³n del castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os y tambià ©n verificar si esa regla les aplica o pueden estar excluidos. Si estn en el extranjero, el USCIS debe aprobar primero la peticià ³n y posteriormente  se comunicar con  el Centro Nacional de Visas y à ©ste con la oficina consular que deba tramitar la visa y con la persona interesada. En estos casos los hijastros del ciudadano  viajarn a Estados Unidos con una visa de inmigrante y se convertirn en residentes permanentes en el momento de ingresar al paà ­s.  ¿Quà © pasa si mientras se tramita la green card uno de los hijastros cumple 21 aà ±os? A veces ocurre que se pide al hijastro cuando es soltero y tiene menos de 21 aà ±os, pero la tramitacià ³n se alarga y cumplen los 21 y todavà ­a no tienen los papeles. En estos casos la ley  les protege y sigue considerando que pueden continuar el trmite ya iniciado. Se trata de una ficcià ³n legal que considera que la edad del pedido se ha congelado.  ¿Quà © pasa si una vez iniciado el trmite el hijastro se casa? Este es un caso muy distinto al anterior.  Ã‚  El hijastro pasa de ser un familiar inmediato de un ciudadano a ser considerado categorà ­a F3. En estos casos la espera para obtener los papeles es muy larga, siendo incluso mayor en el caso de Mà ©xico cuando se compara con otros paà ­ses de Latinoamà ©rica o Espaà ±a. Se debe consultar el boletà ­n de visas que cada mes publica el Departamento de Estado para un clculo aproximado de los tiempos de espera. Hijastros de cualquier edad que estn casados o solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os En este caso, el ciudadano americano todavà ­a puede solicitar la green card para sus hijastros, pero habr que esperar a que haya una visa de inmigrante  disponible para ellos. Los solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os son un F1 y los casados de cualquier edad un F3. Recordar que siempre se va a mirar quà © edad tenà ­a la persona pedida en el momento en que su padre o madre se casà ³ con el ciudadano americano que los est pidiendo y que ese matrimonio debe haber tenido lugar antes de que cumplieran los 18 aà ±os. Otras opciones Para los casos en los que no es posible ninguna de las opciones anteriores porque el matrimonio tuvo lugar despuà ©s de que se cumplieran los 18 aà ±os de edad todavà ­a hay opciones. Por ejemplo, un ciudadano puede pedir a su cà ³nyuge extranjero. Este se convierte en residente permanente legal y , por lo tanto, tiene derecho propio a pedir a sus hijos solteros de cualquier edad (pero no a los casados). Pero ese residente puede, si asà ­ lo desea, solicitar la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n despuà ©s de que pasen 3 aà ±os de casado con ciudadano. Y una vez que convierte en ciudadano puede pedir a sus hijos casados. Consejos a tener en cuenta antes de iniciar la tramitacià ³n Es posible que el USCIS no apruebe la peticià ³n de la residencia permanente para los hijastros. En estos casos, verificar si se puede apelar la decisià ³n. Tambià ©n conviene asegurarse de que se tienen recursos econà ³micos suficientes o, en el caso de no tenerlos, garantizarse un copatrocinador e informarse de cà ³mo  pueden afectar las deudas y/o el mal crà ©dito a las peticiones de familia. Finalmente, para las personas interesadas en la green card se recomienda tomar este test de respuestas mà ºltiples que ayuda de un modo sencillo a conocer los puntos fundamentales sobre la tarjeta de residencia, cà ³mo obtenerla y cà ³mo conservarla.

Insufficient information in research topic Essay Example

Insufficient information in research topic Essay Example Insufficient information in research topic Paper Insufficient information in research topic Paper When you obtain an order branded write my research paper what is your first reaction? The most prudent thing to do is to contact the customer. You need more information to be able to process their request. You need to know if write my research paper is an open research paper in terms of the choice of the thesis statement or whether the customer erroneously omitted this information. The customer needs to explain if there are special instructions in terms of formatting, reference styles or restriction on the age of the reference materials. The customer needs to state when they expect to receive the draft paper and subsequently the final paper. You need to enter into an agreement with the customer on the charges, the means of payment as well as when the payment is due. How long should be the paper and what does the customer really expect to be captured in terms of the content? They need to let you know the level of writing for which the paper relates. Is it an undergraduate paper or is it a PhD dissertation. This will also help you decide on the personnel who will handle the order. It is more than clear that write my research paper is an insufficient information in research topic which doesnt allow the writer to proceed with assignment and start writing. You have no topic to write on and no knowledge of what is expected of you. You have no bench mark in terms of customer expectations against which to assess your progress. Gather as much information as possible and ensure you are at par with the customer in terms of what they expect of the final product. You need also to exchange contacts to ensure you keep in touch for consultation and reporting on progress. Until all these issues are ironed out, do not proceed to writing.

Child Labor laws in agriculture in the US Research Paper

Child Labor laws in agriculture in the US - Research Paper Example US laws with respect to child labor in agricultural and nonagricultural field are entirely different. Minimum age for nonhazardous work in nonagricultural field is 14 for children whereas for hazardous work in the same sector, it is 16. On the other hand, at the age of 10 itself, children can start their work in agricultural sector, if they get parental consent. At the age of 14, children can undertake any work in the agricultural sector without parental consent. Authorities have the belief that agricultural sector is comparatively safe and secure for children to start their works. Even the minimum wage laws are different for agricultural sector. â€Å"Many agricultural employers are exempt from federal minimum wage requirements and they are exempt from overtime requirements under federal law†. In other words, agricultural employers can force the workers to do overtime and that also without providing any overtime allowances to them. Children seem to be the major victims in the agricultural field because of such controversial laws. It should be noted that in any other sector, employees may have trade unions whereas in agricultural sector, such unions are not prevailing and therefore the dictatorships of the employers are taking place in this sector.

Toms Coffee Cup on the Verge of Imminent Collapse Essay

Toms Coffee Cup - on the Verge of Imminent Collapse - Essay Example It is upon the decisions and actions taken by business management that determines the success or failure of a business. This report will review Coffee Cup’s business strategy and the decisions that have led to its rapid deterioration as a result of the actions taken by its management. The report will provide recommendations at the end based on various principles of management such as planning, organizing and leading. This will in part borrow most of the information from the popular P-O-L-C framework of management. Through these recommendations, the management will certainly get back on course to revive this business. Coffee Cup is a sole proprietorship business owned by Tom. It started out as a coffee house although it has recently expanded its services to serving sandwiches and salads for lunch and smoothies for breakfast. Tom started the business after leaving his corporate job and has enjoyed fair success as a first-time entrepreneur. The business currently has 12 employees after Tom employed Willie Cheet to fill up the position of the manager. Willie is the only salaried employee in the business with the rest being paid on an hourly-rate basis. The business has seen numerous changes since Willie took up the management position and the business is facing a possible collapse due to his selfish management decisions aimed at increasing his earnings. As earlier mentioned, Coffee Cup is experiencing several challenges that are emanating from Willie’s high-handed style of leadership which has seen the business adopt various changes in products quality and quantity. Willie has also introduced strict and somehow irrational rules in the workplace that have affected the morale of the workers thereby leading to reduced productivity and loss of cooperation from a section of them. The effects of these management challenges have seen an increase in complaints from customers and consequently a drastic reduction in sales.